A solitary grave The obelisk grave of William B. Whiteside and his familyWhiteside died in 1833, so the only remaining marks he leaves on the landscape are a white obeliskgrave he and his family are buried under, as well as the adjacent road bearing his name that was constructed in 1980.All the grave explicitly tells us are the names of his wife and two daughters: Sarah Raines Whiteside,Sarah Swigert, and Elizabeth Claypoole, as well as the dates of their births and deaths,which for William Bolin were December 24, 1777 to November 18, 1833.Whiteside seems lost to history. He died a mere five years before the first known photograph of people,and did not live in a time or place that allowed his portrait to be taken. Birth by sleep download. Beyond appearance, the Illinoisfrontier has left behind scant written records, and Whiteside himself only produced a handful of written documentsthat survive to today.What we do know about William B. Whiteside is largely based on genealogical research by his and other Whiteside descendants.For an overview of what we know about his life, see. Time and Place A digital elevation model of the St. Louis region in the early 21 st century. The American Bottom is outlined in white.It is first important to precisely explain the time, place, and group I am studying: theAnglo-American settlers of the American Bottom between their first arrival in 1779 to the 1830s. Sep 30, 2012 - This Small tweak lets you Skip the 3 Long Intro Videos Automatically. Thus helps you to jump straight into Action just after Starting the Game. Borderlands Intro Gameplay Video here Borderlands 2 Intro here http://adf.ly/qpQ7E. # Borderlands 2 is pretty heavy with the cutscenes in Sanctuary. # Constantly. Character intros. # Fortunately we can toggle the cutscenes. They were not the first Euro-Americans to settle Illinois; before them were the French and before the French were Native Americans. Most of the first Anglo-American settlers in the American Bottom came from the south; specifically Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Kentucky.I will discuss these three settlement groups at greater length later on.The American Bottom is the name for the Mississippi bottomlands on the Illinois side of the Mississippinear St. Louis; today part of the Metro East. They run from Kaskaskia in the south to Alton in the north.William Bolin Whiteside’s land was located in the Goshen settlement in the northern region of theAmerican Bottom along the bluffs, the western part of modern day Edwardsville. The Changing Land Three animals driven out of southern Illinois by Anglo-American settlers: American bison, the grey wolf, and the cougar.The fourth governor of Illinois, John Reynolds, serves today as one of the most prominent primary sourceson frontier Illinois. His family moved to Kaskaskia, Illinois in 1800 when he was 12 and later moved to theyoung Goshen settlement in 1807. Writing in 1855, he describes a number of the animals that once lived insouthern Illinois that were either gone or in reduced numbers by the 1850s. He writes, “In 1800,and many years thereafter, game, deer, bear, and elk were plenty in Illinois. My cultural thesis is that, initially, Whiteside and other settlers improved the land not only to access basic necessities, but also to alleviate a feeling of alienation from a dangerous, native wilderness. Thus they “tamed” this wilderness through improvements, which allowed them to identify with their property. This alienation largely stemmed from unease over unfamiliar French and Native American culture, which heightened as warfare broke out between Indians and Americans. As whites pushed Native Americans further west their influence did not vanish, even though they no longer had “in-person” contact. The white settlers of southern Illinois increasingly came to identify their local culture with Egypt, an association rooted in Native American influences.As for the materialist thesis, I will be describing in detail what precise actions the settlers did and how those actions had an ecological impact. Much of this was not only dictated by their attitudes towards nature of my first thesis, it was also driven by economic forces. The new subsistence patterns and lack of mobility of the Anglo-Americans was coupled with a growing market economy, with connections to eastern states and the growing global, capitalist economy. These forces dictated a relationship with nature far different than those of the Native Americans.Generally, any narrative of the American frontier can be placed into one of two categories: one that laments the fall of Native American presence, and the other that proclaims the rise of an Anglo-American society that became more and more civilized. My two theses fit into each category respectively. The two theses are not strictly parallel; they do meet at certain points. In one sense they have an inverse temporal relationship: as alienation decreases over time, the market economy increases. John Reynolds An 1896 print copy of a steel engraving of John Reynolds. Likely the steel engraving was made when he was governor in the early 1830s, as it was located in the governor's office.Reynolds is one of the few first-hand accounts of the Illinois frontier from before the War of 1812, making him an invaluable source. However, like any source his writing is problematic.Though I discussed earlier how Reynolds, as the educated governor, does not represent the experiences of most Anglo-Americans in frontier Illinois, he still gained an “everyday” experience of the Illinois frontier as a child. His family moved to Kaskaskia, Illinois in 1800 when he was 12 and later moved to the young Goshen settlement in 1807, five years after William Bolin Whiteside and his family relocated to Goshen. Reynolds first went to college in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1809 at the suggestion of his uncle who lived there, altering the course of his life away from farming and towards law and politics. Before this event though, his experiences were not dissimilar from that of Whiteside, especially given their geographic proximity in Goshen. Many of the frontier experiences of alienation from the land had a lasting impact on young Reynolds.While undoubtedly among the most elite of the citizens of early Illinois, Reynolds was not entirely dissimilar from the Whitesides. William Bolin and many of his male relatives were also prominent citizens. His brother John served as the Illinois treasurer, and his cousin Samuel was the first representative of Madison County in the Illinois legislature, later serving as the namesake of Whiteside County. William Bolin himself served as sheriff of Madison County. With so few white males on the frontier, it was inevitable that many if not most became part of the political or social elite.Yet another issue with Reynolds as a source is that he writes half a century after the events occurred. We cannot assume that his recollections of his childhood were necessarily how settlers understood their relationship with nature at the time. The most effective solution to these problems is to use Reynolds alongside other primary sources written as the events unfolded, such as a handful of petitions signed by the Whitesides regarding Indian violence. Elizabeth PerkinsMy ideological thesis is largely based on Elizabeth A. Perkins’ study of the frontier of the Ohio River Valley in Border Life: Experience and Memory in the Revolutionary Ohio Valley (1998), which reaches the unique perspective of settlers. She overcame the paucity of written evidence through the ethnographic work of the Reverend John Dabney Shane, who conducted oral interviews of surviving frontier men and women in the 1840s. Unlike most works of history from his time, Shane’s work was interested in everyday life on the frontier, providing a rare window into the perspective of the common settler. Though she studies a slightly different time and place, southern Ohio and Kentucky in the Revolutionary War era, Perkins still proves a key resource. Whiteside and many other early Illinois settlers came from the Kentucky frontier, descending from the cultural lifestyle Perkins studies. In her chapter on landscape, Perkins argues that there were two conflicting notions of American landscape in the late 18 th and early 19 th centuries: the Edenic, unspoiled wilderness view held by metropolitan outsiders both to the east and in the future, and that of the settlers themselves who initially saw the landscape as threatening and needing to be tamed.If Perkins is limited at all, she does not fully explore the significance of her conclusion, possibly because she does not focus solely on landscape or ecology. She writes not in response to Edenic arguments of Faragher and Meyer, but rather to what she calls the tendency of frontier history in general to oversimplify into a Turnerian progress narrative. My intention is to take her conclusions about settlers’ relationship to landscape and explore how this relationship plays out in the ways they modified their environment. William CrononI have already referenced the work of William Cronon a number of times; he is a prominent environmental historian in the United States. Cronon has written extensively about Illinois in the nineteenth century in Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (1991), which examines the relationship between Chicago and Midwestern agriculture. He argues that capitalism through Chicago transformed the landscape of the Midwest, as the countryside shipped agricultural products to Chicago to be traded throughout the world. Unfortunately, this is the end result of my argument, as Chicago did not begin its meteoric rise until shortly after Whiteside’s death. Over a few pages, Cronon discusses Midwestern agriculture before Chicago, which I utilize alongside a few other sources.Of far greater use to me is Cronon’s earlier and possibly most famous work: Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England (1983). Unlike Nature’s Metropolis, Changes in the Land is concerned primarily with pre-industrial activities of colonists and Indians in New England, such as the fur trade, logging, and agriculture, though capitalism was still the impetus for many of the changes. I can thus use Changes in the Land as a guide for how initial colonization transformed the ecology of North America.Cronon’s study is invaluable, but not without challenges, as his study differs from mine in a number of respects. Most obviously, his study examines a different place, colonial New England, with somewhat different ecology and geography than the American Bottom, with settlers acting in a different historical context. His time frame is also wider, stretching from 1600 to 1800, giving much more time for ecological changes. Yet his study is a strong example of the impact Anglo-American settlement had on the environment. Keeping this in mind, I will be looking at the actions of New Englanders and the resulting environmental impact, then seeing if Americans in Illinois had similar activities. Multiple Ways to ReadMy website has two suggested ways to read: chronologically or by thesis. I have divided my study period into four eras: Arrival (1778 - 1795), Goshen Settlement (1796 - 1810), War of 1812 (1811 - 1814), and Statehood (1815 - 1833). Each section has a page for the two theses: ideology and materialism. Readers can read both pages in each era in order, the chronological format. The thesis format, on the other hand, presents the two theses independently of each other in chronological order.Each format has its own advantages. Chronological order better shows the relationship between alienation and a desire to connect to a market economy, as well as the consequences of settler ideology about nature. Other readers though might find it easier to read through each argument separately.In addition to the main argument, I will also include several background information pages I intend to be read before the main argument: an overview of the Illinois frontier settlement, a biography of Whiteside, and the settlers of Illinois before the Anglo-Americans. Readers already familiar with the Illinois frontier can choose to skip over that section, for example. Returning readers can also go back to particular sections as they wish. JustificationFor the presentation of my two arguments, I will be taking advantage of two aspects of web writing: nonlinearity and leaving a degree of interpretation up to readers, both of which are more difficult to convey through traditional, linear arguments such as essays or books. Though readers of print media are free to read any portion of the argument in any order, the intended process of reading is generally thought of in basic terms: from beginning to end. Yet in practice this is often not the case. Whether fiction or nonfiction, readers often skip to the end to see where the narrative or argument is headed. Even if initially they read completely in order, many later return to specific passages. Often rushed college students or scholars only interested in a superficial reading may only skim and read the intro and conclusion. Web writing only further supports this form of reading.Though this website is not be strictly linear, it is not technically nonlinear. Nonlinear implies that there will be no order or progression of argument. History is often the study of change over time, which is impossible to discuss without some order. My study too involves change. A more appropriate term for my website is multilinear: giving multiple paths for reading. Likely the most well-known print example of a multilinear narrative is Choose Your Own Adventure books, in which reader choices lead to multiple branching paths, yet each path is ultimately linear. Though my website will not be nearly as complex, the same premise will hold. Readers have the option to read the argument in multiple ways other than beginning to end.Many believed that the invention of hypertext and its potential for branching narratives would fundamentally change scholarly work. The majority of historical scholarship is still written in linear books, journal articles, and essays. While great historical work has come from these mediums, their linearity limits the ways historians can present arguments as well as the ways readers can engage with them. History scholarship is not absent from the web; many digital archives have made research much easier for historians. Yet there are very few examples of scholarly historical arguments on the web other than essays that could easily be printed in a journal. My hope is that my website will be among a number of future works of multilinear historical scholarship. Yet I do not hope that such works replace books and essays, rather web arguments should work alongside them to further our understanding of the past.Theoretically my website could be printed in an essay, but it would involve printing sections twice. Printing costs and length constraints tend to limit redundancy in books and journals, meaning most arguments are presented in one format. This is less of a concern on the web. My website will have the option for users to get a basic print version of either format, which is what I will use for peer reviews. The web argument will not even limit users to the two suggested formats. Each section will have a link on the website navigation, meaning readers can go to whatever section they want easily.I hope that I am not the last scholar to write about William Bolin Whiteside. My original plan was to write about how the form of his property shows his ideology about landscape, but there was not sufficient archaeology at SIUE that we can tie to him. Thus far, the anthropology department has found a buckle and lead shot, which they dated to around Whiteside’s time. I am hopeful that more archaeology will be found, allowing future students and faculty at SIUE to analyze the archaeology of Whiteside. Unlike senior project papers at SIUE that are often tucked away, a website is more visible and easily accessible, allowing future scholars to look at what I’ve said about Whiteside and respond to my arguments. They too can go to specific sections of the website that are relevant to their research.This ties to the other aspect of web writing: giving readers more freedom of interpretation. Because the web encourages more varied forms of reading, it leaves the potential for readers to come away with thoughts about the argument that the author did not necessarily intend. This may not always be an advantage for authors who wish to have control over their arguments and reader interpretations, but it is advantageous for advancing historical thought that is not tied to specific historians. I do not intend to be the last word on Whiteside and am certain that there are flaws or limitations in my theses that I am not aware of. It will be the work of future Whiteside scholars to work out these flaws and continue the historiographical process.One way I want readers to leave with their own interpretation is in the relationship of the two theses. By showing how the two forces change over time simultaneously or separately, readers can compare what settlers are thinking ideologically to their agricultural practices and how one might lead to the other. BorderlandsIf we use the SIUE campus itself as an object of historical analysis on the scale of geological time, the most dramatic change would have resulted from the change from woods and prairie to farms. This would have occurred first with the rise of Cahokia around 1000 A.D., but upon the civilization’s collapse around 1300, the land returned to prairie and woods. Change began again as the French reintroduced farming near their settlements in the American Bottom, but likely farming did not reach SIUE land itself until William Bolin Whiteside arrived in 1802. Whiteside thus occupies a temporal border between a wood and prairie landscape and an agricultural landscape. Culturally, this temporal border lies between French and Indian culture and Anglo-American culture, which persists to today. The political boundaries of the United States as they existed in 1802 when the Whitesides moved to the Goshen settlement. Though Spain returned colonial Louisiana to France in 1800, Spain continued to administer the region until it was transferred to the United States in 1804 after the Louisiana Purchase.Whiteside also occupied a spatial border during his brief occupation. Geographically, the St. Louis region lies on the boundary between North American woodland and prairie, having a mixture of both. Before the Louisiana Purchase, Whiteside was near the political boundary between Spain and the United States, located at the extreme western edge of the United States. As with the temporal border, Whiteside was located on the boundary with both a French and Native American culture. The Whiteside family also pushed past the intended slave border of the Northwest Ordinance, bringing slaves with them from Kentucky, leaving Illinois as a contested boundary between free and slave states in the early 19 th century. Whiteside resided in the borderlands, a fact that is central to any study of him and his contemporaries. My goal is to work out how he resolved these issues on the border between an “untamed wilderness” and “civilization.”A warning for readers before moving forward: part of my argument relies on occasionally gruesome details of Indian attacks. ![]() In addition, some of the authors I reference, Reynolds in particular, use racist language in their description of Native Americans. While many Anglo-American settlers saw Indians as ruthless savages, I certainly do not share their views nor should they be considered an accurate account of Native Americans. Nor were Indians helpless victims of white oppression; they were diverse people who responded to European imperialism in a variety of ways, from friendly trade to outright warfare. In turn, Anglo-Americans were not moustache-twirling villains who ruthlessly slaughtered Native Americans and destroyed the environment without regret.Whiteside was a participant in America’s two “original sins:” slavery and Native American removal and extermination. For my topic, he also played a large role in the ecological destruction of the American Bottom. It is easy to paint him as a two dimensional villain, but that is neither fair to him nor his human and animal victims. He and his fellow settlers were complex people who held mixed feelings about the changes they brought to Illinois. Many were sympathetic to Native Americans or were vocal opponents of slavery. No doubt some settlers regretted the loss of many wild animals. Even those who participated in Native dispossession, slavery, or ecological damage may have felt some degree of guilt but were unable to break from societal pressure, much as many in the early 21 st century condemn low-wage labor but still buy clothes made in a Bangladesh sweatshop. As I will argue in my materialist thesis, many of the environmental changes were driven by the early capitalist economy beyond one individual’s control. If a male settler wanted to be successful in the community, he had to participate in the economy and, by extension, the transformation of the landscape.Yet while I seek to understand the perspective of Anglo-American settlers, I have no interest in justifying or apologizing for their actions. Slavery, the dispossession of Native Americans, and ecological destruction are all justly condemned by 21 st century America. Still, we must not allow this condemnation of actions to simplify the actors, as that prevents us from understanding either. If we better understand Whiteside and his actions, we will be better able to grapple with the lasting consequences of those actions.From here, I recommend reading the to get the historical context for my argument. If you are already familiar with the history of Illinois, then read the. Stephen Kerber, SIUE University Archives, 2007. Probate Court of Madison County, Illinois, In the Matter of the Estate of William B. Whiteside, Deceased. Letters issued to Jacob Swiggert, 1834. Louis Daguerre, 1838. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. John Reynolds, (Belleville: B. Perryman and H. Davison, 1855). John Reynolds, (Chicago: Fergus Printing Company, 1887), 416 - 417.William R. Whiteside, (unpublished manuscript), part of genealogy collection of William R. Historian William Cronon discusses the expansion of social history to nonhuman organisms in (New York: Hill and Wang, 2003): 159. Alex Heuer and Michael Meyer, St. Louis on the Air. Louis Public Radio, MO: KWMU, August 18, 2015. 10 minutes 30 seconds mark. All three images are from Wikimedia Commons:,. Reynolds, 87., 87 - 88. Reynolds, 169., 232. William Cronon,. (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), 159. Terry Norris, “Where Did the Villages Go? Steamboats, Deforestation, and Archaeological Loss in the Mississippi Valley,” in, ed. Andrew Hurley. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1997), 89. Cronon, 160 - 161. After discussing the disappearing fowls, Reynolds states that the domesticated honeybee acts “on the reverse of the instincts of the fowls;” that they arrive with the white settlers. Reynolds, 169. Two works that have examined the western ideal are Leo Marx,. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964, 2000); and Henry Nash Smith,. (New York: Vintage Books, 1950). Some of these studies include Elizabeth Perkins, (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998); Rachel N. Klein, (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1990); Stephen Aron, (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996). ![]() John Mack Faragher,. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), xvi., 73 - 74., 75. Meyer, (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 8., 8 - 9. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), 7. Reynolds, 107 - 108. Reynolds,., 417. Illinois War of 1812 Society. (accessed March 23, 2016). Norton, ed., (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1912), 134. William Cronon,. (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1991), 99 - 104. Elizabeth Perkins leaves a similar thought in, 5. Install and update Borderlands from a retail disc. Ensure that the retail disc is available and ready, and that the game is not currently installed on the computer. Use the instructions for the to generate a proper activation license for the computer. Now insert the retail disc and go through the installation as usual. The game should be fully playable after the installation has been completed, given that the disc is legit and is inserted in the disc reader when launching the game. To update the game to the latest available patch for retail versions, use the.Notes. Fixing Performance Issues citation neededSome systems, despite exceeding the recommended specs, simply do not run Borderlands well. Even after turning down graphical options, the frame rates can be much lower than would be expected. Taking these steps can help make the game much more responsive and raise frame rates significantly. If Borderlands is running poorly on an otherwise stout system, try the following:. Add -dx9 to the command line (helps fps). Go to DocumentsMy GamesBorderlandsWillowGameConfig. Open WillowEngine.ini. Find UseVsync and set it to True (helps with tearing).Another known issue has been with the inclusion of Dynamic Shadows, for some users having this graphical setting turned on causes huge drops in frame rate, no matter the specs of the computer. Turning off this setting can greatly improve performance.Progress not being saved. Like the beginning ines when u boot the game up as well as the scenes at the bieggining of every dlc? The author of this topic has marked. This guide explains how to disable Borderlands 2 history movies and / or game launch ads. Okay, when you want to start a second character, just set the opening cutscene to start, then get up. Get a glass of water. Make a.Loads of people are complaining that you can't skip the cut scenes. Well I found you can, by pressing L3 and R3 (the 2 analog sticks) at the. This method stopped to work after the Ultimate Vault Hunter Mode update but now people is reporting on the comments that it's working again so I recover it. If it doesn't work use the options below:. How To Skip Borderlands IntroOn Steam Library, right click on 'Borderlands 2' and select 'Properties'. A new window will open, on the 'General' tab click on 'Setup Launch options' (or something like that). The popup should say that those options are only for advanced users, write or copy'-nostartupmovies' (without the ' ') and save. That's it, you'll no longer have any kind of movie or cutscene on the game.To disable it (ie, if you are going to play a new DLC) just repeat the steps and delete the '-nomoviestartup' line from launch options. Many players find annoying the intro cutscenes when a new character or boss is introduced. This movies cannot be skipped so you'll have to be forced to watch them all, even if (like me) you are playing on the second playthrough of your fifth character. How To Skip Borderlands Intro On YoutubeIf you just want to disable the 2K and Nvidia ads when you launch the game but not the history movies, follow this procedure:HOW TO:First, close the game if it's open.In your file explorer, open My Documents and go to the folder where Borderlands 2 stores the savegames and configuration files named 'Config'. Example of the default path is:My DocumentsMy GamesBorderlands 2WillowGameConfigor the full path in Windows 7C:Users.YOURNAME.DocumentsMy GamesBorderlands 2WillowGameConfigThere, open the file ' WillowEngine.ini' with the NotepadPress CTRL+B or click on Edit, Search and search for the word FullScreenMovie. You'll see the following block of text.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |